This single work has tried to give one vision global of techniques the present situation
and that can be used to correct this situation, although, in each concrete place must
uses techniques or others since depending on the zone different problem's exist. Respect
to the tourism is due to plan on global scale and to act of local way.
Therefore this single study gives the general directives, of the impacts of the tourism,
but it does not enter in practices details of like acting in each zone. Luckily the
situation can become but sustainable especially if the conservative spirit of the EU
extends the rest of the world and obtains the famous sustainable tourism that it is not
but part of always named sustainable development.
Monday, August 9, 2010
COMMERCE AND TOURISM
The main determinant of Nepal's commerce - its history, pattern, composition and volume - has been geography.
Ridges stretching southward from Himalayan highlands to the lowlands of the Terai have interposed lofty
deterrants to east-west trade within the country, an effect reinforced by un-bridged rivers flowing southward into India. Rugged terrain throughout the greater part of the country has been a sever obstacle to even north-southm commerce, internal and external. But the trade channedl that have exited - within the country and through a few high passes into the Tibet region of China, and across the flat 500 mile Indian frontier - are largely north to south channels
As a land-locked nation, Nepal's contacts with and routes to the outer world were entirely through India and the remote Tibet region of China. From an undeveloped economy, more than 95 per cent agricultural, it had few items which could compete successfully in world markets. The only trading in volu me has been the passage of local products both ways across the almost indistinguishable Indian frontier.
Until our educational facilities in this field can be built up,
selected advanced students will be sent abroad for training in the fields of our greatest need. By these and other means effort will be made to enable commerce to play its important part in broadening the country's economic base and in raising the standard of living of all segments of the population.
Ridges stretching southward from Himalayan highlands to the lowlands of the Terai have interposed lofty
deterrants to east-west trade within the country, an effect reinforced by un-bridged rivers flowing southward into India. Rugged terrain throughout the greater part of the country has been a sever obstacle to even north-southm commerce, internal and external. But the trade channedl that have exited - within the country and through a few high passes into the Tibet region of China, and across the flat 500 mile Indian frontier - are largely north to south channels
As a land-locked nation, Nepal's contacts with and routes to the outer world were entirely through India and the remote Tibet region of China. From an undeveloped economy, more than 95 per cent agricultural, it had few items which could compete successfully in world markets. The only trading in volu me has been the passage of local products both ways across the almost indistinguishable Indian frontier.
Until our educational facilities in this field can be built up,
selected advanced students will be sent abroad for training in the fields of our greatest need. By these and other means effort will be made to enable commerce to play its important part in broadening the country's economic base and in raising the standard of living of all segments of the population.
Development of Tourism in Nepal
Nepal is an adventure tourist's heaven for cultural and environmental enrichment. The development of tourism in this remote mountain country has not always been a success; however, today it is ingrained into Nepal's culture, economy and environmental landscape.
Geography
Nepal is a landlocked country between China and India. The natural landscape consists of valleys and plains in the south, and the awe-inspiring Himalayan Mountains in the north.
History
In 1950, Nepal's first road system was built to connect the city of Kathmandu to the Indian border. As a result, Nepal welcomed international tourists to explore the region's rich culture and picturesque Himalayan landscape
Economic Significance
According to the Encyclopedia of Tourism, in 1983 Nepal's tourism peaked as the country's leading economic sector by marketing the Himalayan landscape and the Hindu/Buddhist cultures.
Cultural Tourism Destinations
According to the Nepal Tourism site, Nepal's developed regions for recreational tourism are the most popular. These destinations include Kathmandu, Lumbini, Pokhara, Nepalgunj, Patan, Bhaktapur and Janakpur.
Mount Everest
Tourism to the base of Mount Everest is a huge contribution to the development of Nepal's tourism sector. Tourists wishing to climb the world's highest mountain must purchase an additional permit for an additional $25,000 per person, thereby injecting a large amount of tourism dollars into Nepal's economy.
Geography
Nepal is a landlocked country between China and India. The natural landscape consists of valleys and plains in the south, and the awe-inspiring Himalayan Mountains in the north.
History
In 1950, Nepal's first road system was built to connect the city of Kathmandu to the Indian border. As a result, Nepal welcomed international tourists to explore the region's rich culture and picturesque Himalayan landscape
Economic Significance
According to the Encyclopedia of Tourism, in 1983 Nepal's tourism peaked as the country's leading economic sector by marketing the Himalayan landscape and the Hindu/Buddhist cultures.
Cultural Tourism Destinations
According to the Nepal Tourism site, Nepal's developed regions for recreational tourism are the most popular. These destinations include Kathmandu, Lumbini, Pokhara, Nepalgunj, Patan, Bhaktapur and Janakpur.
Mount Everest
Tourism to the base of Mount Everest is a huge contribution to the development of Nepal's tourism sector. Tourists wishing to climb the world's highest mountain must purchase an additional permit for an additional $25,000 per person, thereby injecting a large amount of tourism dollars into Nepal's economy.
Impacts
Tourism is an economic activity that is imposed, or at least grafted, on a pre-existing set of
economic activities and traditional ways of life (Price & Harrison, 1996: 1). Tourism is a product
of three main elements; destination, hosts and the tourists. Tourism is a process which obviously
affects various aspects of society and culture. Primarily its impact is of economic nature. Sharma
(2059) states that the contribution of tourism in gross foreign exchange is 15 to 17 percent and the
influence of tourism is also centered in some specific areas only not throughout the whole nation
but it does not mean to underestimate the tourism because we know a very little about the
multiplier effect of the tourism; we must take account of the foods, vegetables and fruits that the
tourists take as well as the employment plus the crafts that the tourists purchase.
According to Godfrey and Clarke (2000), socio-cultural change relate to local quality of life and
sense of place. Positive change in the quality of life could be as follows; personal income
increases, helps to improve living standards for those more directly involved in industry, supports
the diversity of restaurants and other cultural entertainment, influence the assortment of goods for
sale in many local shops that would not be available in the same amount if tourism did not exist
to support them, park areas are often improved, street furniture and design criteria introduced,
greater care and attention placed on overall environmental quality, new opportunities etc. And in
contrary negative changes in the quality of life could be as follows; local shops overcharging,
petty theft from cars and accommodation, more serious personal assault etc. Regarding the sense
of place, positive changes could be as follows; revitalizing local culture and traditions, enriching
local understanding and interest in history and culture, a sense of pride in local heritage,
celebrations/festivals can become tourist attractions, crafts promotion and production in large
scale etc.
economic activities and traditional ways of life (Price & Harrison, 1996: 1). Tourism is a product
of three main elements; destination, hosts and the tourists. Tourism is a process which obviously
affects various aspects of society and culture. Primarily its impact is of economic nature. Sharma
(2059) states that the contribution of tourism in gross foreign exchange is 15 to 17 percent and the
influence of tourism is also centered in some specific areas only not throughout the whole nation
but it does not mean to underestimate the tourism because we know a very little about the
multiplier effect of the tourism; we must take account of the foods, vegetables and fruits that the
tourists take as well as the employment plus the crafts that the tourists purchase.
According to Godfrey and Clarke (2000), socio-cultural change relate to local quality of life and
sense of place. Positive change in the quality of life could be as follows; personal income
increases, helps to improve living standards for those more directly involved in industry, supports
the diversity of restaurants and other cultural entertainment, influence the assortment of goods for
sale in many local shops that would not be available in the same amount if tourism did not exist
to support them, park areas are often improved, street furniture and design criteria introduced,
greater care and attention placed on overall environmental quality, new opportunities etc. And in
contrary negative changes in the quality of life could be as follows; local shops overcharging,
petty theft from cars and accommodation, more serious personal assault etc. Regarding the sense
of place, positive changes could be as follows; revitalizing local culture and traditions, enriching
local understanding and interest in history and culture, a sense of pride in local heritage,
celebrations/festivals can become tourist attractions, crafts promotion and production in large
scale etc.
The Tourists
Tourists are the key actors in the tourism activity who travel and visit the destination in order to
satisfy their purposes on the behalf of the people living around the area. Tourists are the key
actors in the sense that they move and travel from their original location while the society and
destination remain where they are. Obviously the tourists are dynamic actors whereas society and
destinations are static within the domain of the tourism activity in the place.
Purpose of visit or the motivation for travel is the main driving force that makes tourists move
away from their home to a destination where they can get what they want. The sixty percent of
the tourist respondents were in fact interested in Buddha and Buddhism that’s why they moved to
get their feet over the land where the Buddha was born i.e. pilgrims. According to the Kathmandu
Post Daily (Jan 9, 05), out of the tourist of 66 countries visiting Lumbini, Srilanka (12217;
32.24%) and Thailand (7735; 20.41%) have been at the top two countries; both representing
Buddhism as a religion of the majority. Obviously, the nature of destination is an attestation for
this fact.
When tourists reach the very destination, some return back to their base camp in the evening
whereas some extend their stay at the destination. Such duration of stay depends upon two things;
first the specific objective (such as meditation, research, official works) of the visitor and second
the facilities of accommodation available in the area. 10 respondents were night staying visitors
out of 25. Their stay duration ranges from 1-3 nights to 15-30 nights. In this category the short
stayers upto 3 days were researchers and officials while others were meditators, devotees
including officials as well.
Number of tourist’s arrivals in Lumbini too has leaped forward. Even though some years show a
decline, overall trend is upward. Lumbini was visited only by 1023 tourists during 1964 (Okada,
1969) has been visited by 16780 tourists during 2000 (Acharya, 2001). Lumbini has happened to
be a purpose meant for visitors’ prior from the time when the Lumbini fall out to be the birthplace
of the Gautam Buddha. Owing to the being there of the blessed Lumbini garden, the number of
visitors is increasing each year i.e. 35.7 % up in 2004 (28053) as compared with 2003 (37892)
satisfy their purposes on the behalf of the people living around the area. Tourists are the key
actors in the sense that they move and travel from their original location while the society and
destination remain where they are. Obviously the tourists are dynamic actors whereas society and
destinations are static within the domain of the tourism activity in the place.
Purpose of visit or the motivation for travel is the main driving force that makes tourists move
away from their home to a destination where they can get what they want. The sixty percent of
the tourist respondents were in fact interested in Buddha and Buddhism that’s why they moved to
get their feet over the land where the Buddha was born i.e. pilgrims. According to the Kathmandu
Post Daily (Jan 9, 05), out of the tourist of 66 countries visiting Lumbini, Srilanka (12217;
32.24%) and Thailand (7735; 20.41%) have been at the top two countries; both representing
Buddhism as a religion of the majority. Obviously, the nature of destination is an attestation for
this fact.
When tourists reach the very destination, some return back to their base camp in the evening
whereas some extend their stay at the destination. Such duration of stay depends upon two things;
first the specific objective (such as meditation, research, official works) of the visitor and second
the facilities of accommodation available in the area. 10 respondents were night staying visitors
out of 25. Their stay duration ranges from 1-3 nights to 15-30 nights. In this category the short
stayers upto 3 days were researchers and officials while others were meditators, devotees
including officials as well.
Number of tourist’s arrivals in Lumbini too has leaped forward. Even though some years show a
decline, overall trend is upward. Lumbini was visited only by 1023 tourists during 1964 (Okada,
1969) has been visited by 16780 tourists during 2000 (Acharya, 2001). Lumbini has happened to
be a purpose meant for visitors’ prior from the time when the Lumbini fall out to be the birthplace
of the Gautam Buddha. Owing to the being there of the blessed Lumbini garden, the number of
visitors is increasing each year i.e. 35.7 % up in 2004 (28053) as compared with 2003 (37892)
A grand begin of Tourism Year in Pokhara.
Pokhara, one of the tourist hubs in Nepal hosted a grand launch program of Nepal Tourism Year 2011 on Sunday, 11th April. Sixteen districts from the Western Development region participated in the program with a parade showcasing the cultures of their respective regions.
The program showcased three hundred years old Hanuman Naach of Parbat, Lakhe Naach, Yak Dance of the Tibetan refugees, and cultural dances and carnivals of Gurung, Magar, Kumal, Botae and Thakalis. The only king of the ‘Kusunda’ tribe was the centre of attraction of the ceremony.
“The passionate participation of the locals has shown that tourism has become a general issue in Nepal now”, said Basu Tripathi, an ex-member of Nepal Tourism Board.
The government announced Nepal Tourism Year 2011 with the target of attracting 1 million visitors in 2011. Pokhara and western region only has aimed to bring 500,000 foreign and 300,000 internal tourists in the year.
The program showcased three hundred years old Hanuman Naach of Parbat, Lakhe Naach, Yak Dance of the Tibetan refugees, and cultural dances and carnivals of Gurung, Magar, Kumal, Botae and Thakalis. The only king of the ‘Kusunda’ tribe was the centre of attraction of the ceremony.
“The passionate participation of the locals has shown that tourism has become a general issue in Nepal now”, said Basu Tripathi, an ex-member of Nepal Tourism Board.
The government announced Nepal Tourism Year 2011 with the target of attracting 1 million visitors in 2011. Pokhara and western region only has aimed to bring 500,000 foreign and 300,000 internal tourists in the year.
Solutions to medium and length term.
Once analyzed all the problems generate by the tourism, now we will try to find
out if they are possible to be taken some measured to correct this situation and
if the sustainable tourism can be reached. Or if the tourism by definition is an
element with strong impact and this advocated to disaster and to the complete
destruction.
The worldwide organism concienciated on this problem is the European union and
is really the unique organism that this doing something to reach the sustainable
tourism. The rest of the word does not consider those economic problems. Or he first
must solve his economic problems (as in the case of African countries) or by simple
carelessness (as in the case of the United States) although at global level there
are strategies like the Summit of Rio or most recently the Johannesburg.
out if they are possible to be taken some measured to correct this situation and
if the sustainable tourism can be reached. Or if the tourism by definition is an
element with strong impact and this advocated to disaster and to the complete
destruction.
The worldwide organism concienciated on this problem is the European union and
is really the unique organism that this doing something to reach the sustainable
tourism. The rest of the word does not consider those economic problems. Or he first
must solve his economic problems (as in the case of African countries) or by simple
carelessness (as in the case of the United States) although at global level there
are strategies like the Summit of Rio or most recently the Johannesburg.
The Positive and Negative Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism
Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism can be
both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer
and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an
assault of people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity.
Here are possible positive effects of tourism:
Developing positive attitudes towards each other
Learning about each other’s culture and customs
Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes
Developing friendships
Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for
each other’s culture
??Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists
??Psychological satisfaction with interaction
So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual
appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding
respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without
leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive
culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the
improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care
institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for
attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and
handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction
The tourism affect to all type of ecosystems from the littoral destroyed by the
walls of concrete, to the mountains were is settled the ski stations or, as the Alps,
is invaded by zousands of hikers. The golf fields are today one of the mainly
touristic attractions, with great impact due to the uses of pesticides, and the
high consume of water. Regions traditionally arid as Andalucia in the south of
Spain, inverts a lot of money in promotion of golf.
both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer
and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an
assault of people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity.
Here are possible positive effects of tourism:
Developing positive attitudes towards each other
Learning about each other’s culture and customs
Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes
Developing friendships
Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for
each other’s culture
??Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists
??Psychological satisfaction with interaction
So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual
appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding
respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without
leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive
culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the
improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care
institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for
attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and
handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction
The tourism affect to all type of ecosystems from the littoral destroyed by the
walls of concrete, to the mountains were is settled the ski stations or, as the Alps,
is invaded by zousands of hikers. The golf fields are today one of the mainly
touristic attractions, with great impact due to the uses of pesticides, and the
high consume of water. Regions traditionally arid as Andalucia in the south of
Spain, inverts a lot of money in promotion of golf.
Sunday, August 8, 2010
Economic impact of tourism in Nepal.
The role international tourism can play in the development strategy
of Nepal is examined. Special emphasis was given to determining how
tourism contributes to national objectives of employment generation,
income distribution, regional development, and the earning of foreign
exchange and to analyzing the role of government in the development and
promotion of tourism. A major tool of analysis was a modified input-output
matrix of the Nepalese economy. One prominent modification was the
approach of collecting input-output data for only those industries
directly or indirectly linked to tourism enterprises. Visitors were
asked to record and identify their expenditures in diary form. Tourists
were classified into twelve categories according to their purpose of visit,
nationality, and class of hotel. A pattern of expenditures and other relevant
information was then established for each tourist category. Analysis of the
demand generated by tourism indicated that 64% of the value of goods and services
employed in the tourist sector was produced within Nepal while 36% had to be imported.
Tourism was found to be very capital intensive - three times more capital being required
per job than in the industrial sector. Public investments in an infrastructure to serve
tourists were estimated to be nearly half of the private investment in the tourism sector.
In contrast, expenditures of the government on current account were found to be balanced by
budget revenues. Tourism's impact on regional development appears to be very small, but in
this respect trekking tourism offers a much larger scope than pleasure tourism. There are
adverse cultural, social, and environmental aspects of expanded tourism which should be
carefully monitored and controlled. However, since tourism in Nepal has been shown to be
an effective earner of foreign exchange it was concluded that tourism should be developed,
to the extent that it is consonant with foreign exchange requirements for development purposes
of Nepal is examined. Special emphasis was given to determining how
tourism contributes to national objectives of employment generation,
income distribution, regional development, and the earning of foreign
exchange and to analyzing the role of government in the development and
promotion of tourism. A major tool of analysis was a modified input-output
matrix of the Nepalese economy. One prominent modification was the
approach of collecting input-output data for only those industries
directly or indirectly linked to tourism enterprises. Visitors were
asked to record and identify their expenditures in diary form. Tourists
were classified into twelve categories according to their purpose of visit,
nationality, and class of hotel. A pattern of expenditures and other relevant
information was then established for each tourist category. Analysis of the
demand generated by tourism indicated that 64% of the value of goods and services
employed in the tourist sector was produced within Nepal while 36% had to be imported.
Tourism was found to be very capital intensive - three times more capital being required
per job than in the industrial sector. Public investments in an infrastructure to serve
tourists were estimated to be nearly half of the private investment in the tourism sector.
In contrast, expenditures of the government on current account were found to be balanced by
budget revenues. Tourism's impact on regional development appears to be very small, but in
this respect trekking tourism offers a much larger scope than pleasure tourism. There are
adverse cultural, social, and environmental aspects of expanded tourism which should be
carefully monitored and controlled. However, since tourism in Nepal has been shown to be
an effective earner of foreign exchange it was concluded that tourism should be developed,
to the extent that it is consonant with foreign exchange requirements for development purposes
Wednesday, August 4, 2010
Introduction
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.
The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel
to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than
twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of
an activity remunerated from within the place visited."
Most highly developed western countries, such as Switzerland, Austria,
and France have accumulated a big deal of their social and economic
welfare on profits from tourism.
According to recent statistics, tourism provides about 10% of the world’s
income and employs almost one tenth of the world’s workforce. All considered,
tourism’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding. Many people
emphasize the positive aspects of tourism as a source of foreign exchange, a way
to balance foreign trade, an “industry without chimney” — in short, manna from
heaven.
But there are also a number of other positive and negative sides of
tourism’s economic boom for local communities, which not always considered by
advocates of tourism perspectives. Therefore in this paper I will consider the main
social and environment impacts of tourism at the country level.
2)Economic impact of tourism in Nepal.
The role international tourism can play in the development strategy
of Nepal is examined. Special emphasis was given to determining how
tourism contributes to national objectives of employment generation,
income distribution, regional development, and the earning of foreign
exchange and to analyzing the role of government in the development and
promotion of tourism. A major tool of analysis was a modified input-output
matrix of the Nepalese economy. One prominent modification was the
approach of collecting input-output data for only those industries
directly or indirectly linked to tourism enterprises. Visitors were
asked to record and identify their expenditures in diary form. Tourists
were classified into twelve categories according to their purpose of visit,
nationality, and class of hotel. A pattern of expenditures and other relevant
information was then established for each tourist category. Analysis of the
demand generated by tourism indicated that 64% of the value of goods and services
employed in the tourist sector was produced within Nepal while 36% had to be imported.
Tourism was found to be very capital intensive - three times more capital being required
per job than in the industrial sector. Public investments in an infrastructure to serve
tourists were estimated to be nearly half of the private investment in the tourism sector.
In contrast, expenditures of the government on current account were found to be balanced by
budget revenues. Tourism's impact on regional development appears to be very small, but in
this respect trekking tourism offers a much larger scope than pleasure tourism. There are
adverse cultural, social, and environmental aspects of expanded tourism which should be
carefully monitored and controlled. However, since tourism in Nepal has been shown to be
an effective earner of foreign exchange it was concluded that tourism should be developed,
to the extent that it is consonant with foreign exchange requirements for development purposes
3)The Positive and Negative Social and Environmental Impacts of
Tourism
Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism can be
both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer
and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an
assault of people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity.
Here are possible positive effects of tourism:
Developing positive attitudes towards each other
Learning about each other’s culture and customs
Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes
Developing friendships
Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for
each other’s culture
??Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists
??Psychological satisfaction with interaction
So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual
appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding
respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without
leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive
culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the
improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care
institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for
attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and
handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction
The tourism affect to all type of ecosystems from the littoral destroyed by the
walls of concrete, to the mountains were is settled the ski stations or, as the Alps,
is invaded by zousands of hikers. The golf fields are today one of the mainly
touristic attractions, with great impact due to the uses of pesticides, and the
high consume of water. Regions traditionally arid as Andalucia in the south of
Spain, inverts a lot of money in promotion of golf.
4)Solutions to medium and length term.
Once analyzed all the problems generate by the tourism, now we will try to find
out if they are possible to be taken some measured to correct this situation and
if the sustainable tourism can be reached. Or if the tourism by definition is an
element with strong impact and this advocated to disaster and to the complete
destruction.
The worldwide organism concienciated on this problem is the European union and
is really the unique organism that this doing something to reach the sustainable
tourism. The rest of the word does not consider those economic problems. Or he first
must solve his economic problems (as in the case of African countries) or by simple
carelessness (as in the case of the United States) although at global level there
are strategies like the Summit of Rio or most recently the Johannesburg.
5)Conclusion.
This single work has tried to give one vision global of techniques the present situation
and that can be used to correct this situation, although, in each concrete place must
uses techniques or others since depending on the zone different problem's exist. Respect
to the tourism is due to plan on global scale and to act of local way.
Therefore this single study gives the general directives, of the impacts of the tourism,
but it does not enter in practices details of like acting in each zone. Luckily the
situation can become but sustainable especially if the conservative spirit of the EU
extends the rest of the world and obtains the famous sustainable tourism that it is not
but part of always named sustainable development.
The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel
to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than
twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of
an activity remunerated from within the place visited."
Most highly developed western countries, such as Switzerland, Austria,
and France have accumulated a big deal of their social and economic
welfare on profits from tourism.
According to recent statistics, tourism provides about 10% of the world’s
income and employs almost one tenth of the world’s workforce. All considered,
tourism’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding. Many people
emphasize the positive aspects of tourism as a source of foreign exchange, a way
to balance foreign trade, an “industry without chimney” — in short, manna from
heaven.
But there are also a number of other positive and negative sides of
tourism’s economic boom for local communities, which not always considered by
advocates of tourism perspectives. Therefore in this paper I will consider the main
social and environment impacts of tourism at the country level.
2)Economic impact of tourism in Nepal.
The role international tourism can play in the development strategy
of Nepal is examined. Special emphasis was given to determining how
tourism contributes to national objectives of employment generation,
income distribution, regional development, and the earning of foreign
exchange and to analyzing the role of government in the development and
promotion of tourism. A major tool of analysis was a modified input-output
matrix of the Nepalese economy. One prominent modification was the
approach of collecting input-output data for only those industries
directly or indirectly linked to tourism enterprises. Visitors were
asked to record and identify their expenditures in diary form. Tourists
were classified into twelve categories according to their purpose of visit,
nationality, and class of hotel. A pattern of expenditures and other relevant
information was then established for each tourist category. Analysis of the
demand generated by tourism indicated that 64% of the value of goods and services
employed in the tourist sector was produced within Nepal while 36% had to be imported.
Tourism was found to be very capital intensive - three times more capital being required
per job than in the industrial sector. Public investments in an infrastructure to serve
tourists were estimated to be nearly half of the private investment in the tourism sector.
In contrast, expenditures of the government on current account were found to be balanced by
budget revenues. Tourism's impact on regional development appears to be very small, but in
this respect trekking tourism offers a much larger scope than pleasure tourism. There are
adverse cultural, social, and environmental aspects of expanded tourism which should be
carefully monitored and controlled. However, since tourism in Nepal has been shown to be
an effective earner of foreign exchange it was concluded that tourism should be developed,
to the extent that it is consonant with foreign exchange requirements for development purposes
3)The Positive and Negative Social and Environmental Impacts of
Tourism
Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism can be
both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer
and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an
assault of people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity.
Here are possible positive effects of tourism:
Developing positive attitudes towards each other
Learning about each other’s culture and customs
Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes
Developing friendships
Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for
each other’s culture
??Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists
??Psychological satisfaction with interaction
So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual
appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding
respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without
leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive
culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the
improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care
institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for
attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and
handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction
The tourism affect to all type of ecosystems from the littoral destroyed by the
walls of concrete, to the mountains were is settled the ski stations or, as the Alps,
is invaded by zousands of hikers. The golf fields are today one of the mainly
touristic attractions, with great impact due to the uses of pesticides, and the
high consume of water. Regions traditionally arid as Andalucia in the south of
Spain, inverts a lot of money in promotion of golf.
4)Solutions to medium and length term.
Once analyzed all the problems generate by the tourism, now we will try to find
out if they are possible to be taken some measured to correct this situation and
if the sustainable tourism can be reached. Or if the tourism by definition is an
element with strong impact and this advocated to disaster and to the complete
destruction.
The worldwide organism concienciated on this problem is the European union and
is really the unique organism that this doing something to reach the sustainable
tourism. The rest of the word does not consider those economic problems. Or he first
must solve his economic problems (as in the case of African countries) or by simple
carelessness (as in the case of the United States) although at global level there
are strategies like the Summit of Rio or most recently the Johannesburg.
5)Conclusion.
This single work has tried to give one vision global of techniques the present situation
and that can be used to correct this situation, although, in each concrete place must
uses techniques or others since depending on the zone different problem's exist. Respect
to the tourism is due to plan on global scale and to act of local way.
Therefore this single study gives the general directives, of the impacts of the tourism,
but it does not enter in practices details of like acting in each zone. Luckily the
situation can become but sustainable especially if the conservative spirit of the EU
extends the rest of the world and obtains the famous sustainable tourism that it is not
but part of always named sustainable development.
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